Miller Magazine Issue 137 May 2021

60 COVER STORY MILLER / may 2021 supplied by the producers. A new powered dept. will be quali- ty-control depts. 1.1.e. ERP and IT Growing industries and companies needs a newmanagement system such as ERP. The big companies completed their transfer to ERP and IT systems. Therefore, the milling industry by growing to increase their performances, ERP and IT will be their new big steps to the future. 1.2. Increasing performance by technology Increasing performance by the technology of the milling sys- tem basically depends on raw materials, processing conditions, process control, processing parameters, monitoring and diag- nosis, energy management, correct equipment, trained person, operator, engineering, quality control, correct design, technology level and yield (Figure 2). There are important factors to obtain maximum milling per- formance. If all reach to the optimum level, the maximum perfor- mance can be achieved in the milling operation. Analyzing each one needs a long explanation. In this article, technology is only explained to analyze the effect of the milling operation performance. Additionally, design and en- gineering for equipment and process line were explained. Grain milling can be divided into two sections. One is clean- ing and the other is size reduction or milling line. Technically, the cleaning section can affect the performance and yield of the mill- ing by adjusting the equipment and good design practice (GDP). The cleaning section directly affects the yield and performance. Depends on the cleaning ratio and dirtiness of raw material, the operational conditions and equipment design and parameters also affect the further milling performance. In the cleaning section; pre-cleaning sieve, magnet, destoner, light particle gravity table, trior (intendent cylinder) were some of the basic machines. First to all, their engineering design and their design parameters directly affect the performance and yield of milling. In the industry, )0%of themachines are copied and there is no engineering design. They may run however their performanc- es are very bad due to the lack of design works. Due to this main problem in the design of the cleaning machine and conveyors, a lot of capacity, quality, performance and energy losses occur. In the cleaning section, there are mechanical, air, pressure, flow rate, capacity, angle, solid handling problems. Each parameter/ variable for each equipment should be analyzed and engineer- ing should be applied. For example, table area, angle of table, air pressure and air flow rate in the destoner are critical. However, when these parameters/variables are measured and analyzed, a lot of mistakes can be obtained due to the lack of engineering design principles and studies. Additionally, the same mistakes related to table area, table an- gle, air flow rate and pressure can be seen in the gravity table. Trior (intendent cylinder) is another critical step in the cleaning section. Due to wrong whole, whole shape and angle, revolution, centrifugal force, sorting area etc. the loss of product of insuffi- cient cleaning can be obtained. At each cleaning step, the milling performance decreases due to these kinds of problems. In the milling section, physical and chemical properties and events should be followed to obtain good performance. The mill- ing section in the wheat milling starts with tempering operation. Before the dehulling, grain is tempered. A new technological ap- proaches also started to change the dehulling operation, espe- cially in flour and semolina milling. Recently, vertical emery stone dehullers are started used in the processing. Tempering condi- tions (moisture content, time, RH%, temperature and raw material properties) are mainly important for milling performance. They should be under control. Especially, tempering will determine the yield and quality of the finished product. In the milling operation, another step is the mill. Design of mill, corrugation, revolution, temperature, teeth size and shape, diam- eter of roll, gap, distribution and hardness of roll are the main pa- rameter to get high performance from the mill. After themill, the next important equipment is sieve. Its diagram and positioning, vibration ratio or rotational ratio, sieve aperture, sieve material, surface sieving area, the opening of holes, pas- sage between each plate sieve, centrifugal force and gravitation- al force balance over the sieve are the most important parame- ters to control the performance of the milling operation. During themillingoperationparticlesizedistributionandenergy calculation should be made. Unless they are smoothed by abra- sion after milling, comminuted particles resemble polyhedrons with nearly plane faces and sharp edges and corners. The par- ticles may be compact with length, breadth and thickness nearly Figure 2. Performance graphic for process controlled system